Input/Output
Input/Output (I/O) refers to the communication between a computer and the outside world. It involves the transfer of data between the computer and external devices such as keyboards, mice, printers, scanners, cameras, and storage devices. I/O operations can be either synchronous or asynchronous. In synchronous I/O, the program waits for the I/O operation to complete before proceeding to the next instruction. In asynchronous I/O, the program continues to execute while the I/O operation is being performed in the background. I/O performance can be improved through techniques such as buffering, caching, and pipelining.
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